Copyright: © 1998
Citation: Bibexcel help


Welcome

Using this help-file you will find out most of what Bibexcel can do. However, the program is changed and updated faster than this manual.

When running the program there are also a messages that tells you what is going to happen!

Also, when the mouse pointer moves above the screen the focus is set to the object and the message label at the bottom will give you a short description of each object - Press F1 and more help will be shown! This is nice form of help, but please do not move the mouse when you type in one of the boxes. If you do move the mouse, the focus will move to another object.

Context sensitive help will also be given for menu items. When marked - Press F1!

Note that the demo version can only take files that are less than 500.000 Kb!

The demo version comes with a text file called memory.doc. A number of examples in this manual are based on that file - and you should be able to reconstruct them using memory.doc.

Go to www.umu.se/inforsk for downloading!


The idea

Bibexcel is designed as a tool box for manipulating bibliographic data. The result of your manipulations will be saved in files that can be opened with Excel or any other software reading text-files tabbed into columns. Bibexcel let's you combine information from several fields of a document record, count frequencies, co-occurrences and shared units (bibliographic coupling). Among other things there is also a procedure for finding citation links among the documents within a given set. Above all, the tools can be combined - the result of using them depends far more on your own imagination than the tools themselves.

To understand what Bibexcel can be used for imagine the following situation.

You have decided to analyze the development of memory research. Some basic questions might be:

Who are the most productive authors, universities or countries?

Which journals are used for publishing memory research?

Using Social Sciences Citation Index, SSCI-CDE (compact disk edition) you have downloaded a set of records that contain the word memory in the title field. A total of 246 records are saved in a file called memory.doc. The first record looks like this:

FN- Social Sciences Citation Index (Jan 81 - Dec 85)

GA- AHQ96|

TI- MEMORY ACCESSIBILITY AND TASK INVOLVEMENT AS FACTORS IN

    CHOICE|

LA- ENGLISH|

AU- GARDIAL SF; BIEHAL GJ|

CS- UNIV HOUSTON/HOUSTON//TX/77004|

JN- ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, 1985, V12, P414-419|

PY- 1985|

DT- ARTICLE|

NR- 17|

CR- BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

    COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

    CRAIK FIM, 1972, V11, P671, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

    EAGLE M, 1964, V68, P58, J EXP PSYCHOL

    JOHNSON EJ, 1984, V11, P542, J CONSUMER RES

    LEAVITT C, 1981, V8, P15, ADV CONSUMER RES

    MITCHELL AA, 1981, V8, P25, ADV CONSUMER RES

    PETTY RE, 1981, COGNITIVE RESPONSES

    PETTY RE, 1983, V10, P135, J CONSUM RES

    TULVING E, 1966, V5, P381, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

    TULVING E, 1971, V87, P1, J EXP PSYCHOL

    TULVING E, 1973, V80, P352, PSYCHOL REV||

The record has a number of fields ending with a spike "|", and the record ends with an extra spike at the end of the last field. Each field starts with a tag in the first four columns, "TI- " for title etc. A field may have several parts (such as authors) we will call such parts units.

Record and document means the same thing from now on.

To find the most productive authors, Bibexcel will read the AU-field and save that information in a file named memory.out that looks like this (See Preparing the data):

1	BIEHAL GJ

1	GARDIAL SF

2	TULVING E

3	MOSCOVITCH M

4	BACKMAN L

4	HARDY J

4	NILSSON LG

4	WINBLAD B

5	WEINGARTNER H

6	ROBERTS JV

cont......

The first two lines contain the authors of document nr 1, the document number is listed first and then the author names. A tab separates the two columns, which enables you to open the file in Excel.

Also note that the author names within a document are sorted in alphabetic order, to enable more effective analysis later on. But don't worry, if you want to keep the ordering of author-names there are tricks to do it!

And finally, who has published the most? Well, Bibexcel reads memory.out and sorts it by author,  then counts the number of occurrences and write the frequencies to a file called memory.cit which look like this (See Frequency distribution):

5	KAUSLER DH

4	KASZNIAK AW

4	ACKERMAN BP

4	WILSON RS

4	GLOVER JA

3	PARKIN AJ

3	JACOBY LL

3	WOLTERS G

3	PUCKETT JM

3	BACON LD

3	TILL RE

3	TULVING E

3	YESAVAGE JA

A various number of other procedures or tools are available both for editing and analyzing your records. In fact there is hardly any limit to what the tools and their combination can achieve.

I do hope that you have got the general idea!

There is much more to learn!

Bibexcel offers a number of tools for extracting and analyzing various fields.


Downloading

From ISI CD-ROMs or any CD-ROM that exports records in Dialog-format:

1. Search the records you want

2. Save using the Dialog format that ensures

   the field-tags and "spike"-delimiters.

3. Of course, you must decide which fields are to be downloaded

4. Then save to a file with the extension "filename.doc"

From Dialog on-line databases

1. Any database can be used since the Dialog-format is default

2. Please, check the output-formats for the database

3. It is generally very costly to download many records, so be sure

   that you can afford it and that the right format is chosen.

4. Then save to a file with the extension "filename.doc"


Installing Bibexcel

When installing bibexcel follow these instructions:

1. Make a directory : c:\bibexcel

2. Put bibexcel.exe, bibexcel.hlp and bibexcel.cnt in c:\bibexcel

3. These files are probably also needed in c:\windows\system. You can surely find them on the Internet:

Oc25.dll

Dao2516.dll

Vb40016.dll


Error messages

Please, note that the program might stop sometimes - most of the time this is due to errors in the doc-file containing the downloaded data. Some edit facilities are available in Bibexcel - try to use them.

In some of the routines an error-message will be shown indicating that something is wrong! Please, check if you made all things correct!

In other instances restart the program - you will not loose data in your files!


File check

This procedure starts with reading the first record to find all tags (fields).

It is important that the first record in your file has all the tags.

Then the tags will be listed and the records counted. The file size and

file date will also be displayed. When done look at a file called "filename.err", that will contain a list of errors and a summary of the file check.

When applied to memory.doc the file check results in  memory.err that looks like this, no errors found!

 THESE ARE THE ERRORS FOUND IN: C:\BIBEXCEL\MEMORY.DOC

    File diagnostics:

TI-

LA-

AU-

CS-

JN-

PY-

DT-

NR-

CR-

9 tagged fields found

1409834 bytes filesize

1998-02-16 13:48:24 file date

637 records, based on record delimiter

637 estimated records based on fields

Note that File Check skips the FN- field and the GA- field in order to ignore ISI-record fields of less relevance.


Delete fields

If you wish to delete a field that could be done.

1. First write the tags in the "The Box" in this type of form: TI- ,JN- , AU-

2. Select the file to read from

3. Write the file to write to in the box below "Type new file name here".

4. Then select "Delete fields" from the Edit menu

WARNING! Do not use this if one of the tags refer to the last field!

Rather use Compose new records!


Insert missing tag

We suggest that you use a text editor to make the corrections. Filename.err will give

you help to identify the relevant location in the file.

However, the "Insert missing tag" routine can insert lacking fields automatically. But it is still risky!

Look at Find all tags.


Find all tags

This procedure reads the whole file and identifies all available field tags.

The tags found are listed in "The List".


Compose new records

It can be nice to work with a selection of fields in order to make a smaller doc-file, or if some fields are less interesting.

1. View the doc-file first and then select(mark) the rows containing the field tags you are interested in.

2. Select "Select marked tags from The List" under Edit/Compose new records.This will clear the list from unwanted tags.

3. Then put a new file name in the "New file name"-box .

4. Be sure that the old doc-file is selected and and the new file name also written at "Type new file name here"

5. Choose "Make new  file with tags selected".

If an unexpected row appears you will be warned. If the first four letters

in the row displayed looks like a tag, the preceeding line in the doc-file

probably lacks a spike "|", that is a field delimiter. In other instances the

preceeding row should have four blanks.

Example

This is how the first record in a new file will look if you have selected the TI, AU and CR-field when memory.doc is viewed in the list:

TI- MEMORY ACCESSIBILITY AND TASK INVOLVEMENT AS FACTORS IN

    CHOICE|

AU- GARDIAL SF; BIEHAL GJ|

CR- BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

    COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

    CRAIK FIM, 1972, V11, P671, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

    EAGLE M, 1964, V68, P58, J EXP PSYCHOL

    JOHNSON EJ, 1984, V11, P542, J CONSUMER RES

    LEAVITT C, 1981, V8, P15, ADV CONSUMER RES

    MITCHELL AA, 1981, V8, P25, ADV CONSUMER RES

    PETTY RE, 1981, COGNITIVE RESPONSES

    PETTY RE, 1983, V10, P135, J CONSUM RES

    TULVING E, 1966, V5, P381, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

    TULVING E, 1971, V87, P1, J EXP PSYCHOL

    TULVING E, 1973, V80, P352, PSYCHOL REV||


Select document numbers from doc-file

Let's assume you only wish to study certain documents the doc-number of which you know.

In other words you want to reduce the doc-file

This procedure selects documents with specified doc-numbers from the corresponding doc-file and puts the selected documents in a new file.

First you must make a file with the doc-numbers , one per row (for example memory.nmr). The doc-numbers can be identified via the out-file doc-numbers in the first column.

Then select the file with doc-numbers by clicking on the file list. Bibexcel now will read the corresponding doc-file (memory.doc). Remember to type in the new doc-file name!


Identify duplicate records

This procedure makes a dup-file (filename.dup), that identifies duplicate records based on the journal field (jn- ) and the first row of the title field (ti- ).

Then use Remove records to make a new file without duplicates!


Remove duplicate records

This procedure removes duplicate records. Duplicates must be in filename.dup. Select the doc-file. Remember to type in the new doc-file name!

Se also Identify duplicate records!


Select docnumbers from outfile

Let's assume you only wish to study certain doc-numbers as indicated in the outfile.

In other words you want to reduce the out-file.

First you must put doc-numbers, one per row, in "The List".

Then select the out-file.

When selected this procedure takes rows from an outfile-type having the same doc-numbers as listed in 'The List', and put them in 'The new file name' assigned by you!


Take only numbers from outfile

This can be useful if you wish to generate a list of doc-numbers, which can be used in combination with Select document numbers from outfile or Select documents from doc-file

This procedure make a list of doc-numbers from an outfile, and puts them in filename.num!


Delete second column

In some situations, when you have large files, you may wish to delete a column. The file might be too big for Excel, which you can use otherwise.

This tool deletes the second column of an out-file, or any file that has more than two tabs in each row. The new file will have the name filename.snd, for example memory.snd.


Remove duplicate rows from sorted file

This procedure deletes duplicate rows provided that the file is sorted (ascending), and puts them in filename.rdu!


Add classification to out-file

Suppose you would like to classify journals by field. Use this procedure.

This procedure adds data to a file of the out-format by taking data from a file that must have the same units (e.g. journal names) as the out-file and sorted in descending order. This file also must have the preferred classification to the right following a tab (e.g. journal+tab+classification). Select the outfile using the file directory and type the classification file in the new file-name box to the right. Then the program will search each unit of the outfile and if found it will take the corresponding classification from the classification file and print a new line to a cll-file (filenamne.cll).

Units that are not classified, because they couldn't be found in the classification-file will get the label "Not found".

The cll-file can then be used to insert a new field in the doc-file. Look at Add new field.


Add classification to freq-pair-file

This procedure adds data to a pair-file of the frequency-pair-format by taking data from a file that must have the same units (e.g. journal names) as the pair-file and sorted in ascending order. This file also must have the preferred classification to the right following a tab (e.g. journal+tab+classification).

Select the pair-file using the file directory and type the classification file in the new file-name box to the right. Then the program will search each unit and if found it will take the corresponding classification from the classification file and print a new line to a cll-file (filenamne.cll).


Add labels to freq-docnr-docnr

Provided you have made a pair frequency list (frequency+tab+docnr+tab+docnr), such as a cou-file, you may add labels to each docnr in the link. The pair-file must have doc-number pairs in ascending sort order. Select the pair-file and then this routine will read the outfile containing the labels and then add them to the links. If there are several units in a field this routine will duplicate each pair for each unit. If you don't want that to happen, 'Compress...' the units to one line, or use 'Whole field intact' when making the outfile.

Choose "...making freq-label-label" if you do not want to keep the docnumbers or

"...making freq-docnr-label-docnr-label" if you want.


Add labels to docnr-docnr pairs

Provided you have made the links you may add labels to each doc in the link. The lin-file (with the citation links) must only have citing-docnr and cited-docnr in sorted order. Otherwise, this will not work! Select the lin-(type)-file and then this routine will read the outfile (must be out-file type) and then add labels from it to the links.

Example

Memory.lin contains  citing-cited links among documents, doc nr 1 citing doc nr 175 etc:

1	175

2	149

2	236

2	240

2	11

2	59

if we have memory.out containing authors, select memory.lin and then Citations among docs/Add data to links using out-file type the file memory.add will look like this, each citation producing several citing cited author pairs:

1	BIEHAL GJ	175	BIEHAL G

1	BIEHAL GJ	175	CHAKRAVARTI D

1	GARDIAL SF	175	BIEHAL G

1	GARDIAL SF	175	CHAKRAVARTI D

2	TULVING E	149	CRAIK FIM

2	TULVING E	236	DALLAS M

2	TULVING E	236	JACOBY LL

2	TULVING E	240	MCCLOSKEY M

2	TULVING E	240	SANTEE J

2	TULVING E	11	TULVING E

2	TULVING E	59	WOLTERS G

See also Citation among docs!


Compress outfile (1 row per field)

Normally "Prep" makes one row for each unit in a field. Sometimes you might to bring them back again in a new outfile.

This procedure takes an out-file-type (recnr+tab+unit) and makes one row for each recnr!

Look at filename.nou - the new outfile!

Se also Decompress outfile!


Decompress outfile

This procedure takes an out-file-type that contain several units in one row, separated with '; ' and put each unit in one row. This is the opposite to 'Compress outfile'.

Th eresult will be in filename.nnu.


Standardize reference lists

Cited references often have spelling variants, first cited author names and initials

may be spelled in several ways although they refer to the same person, journal

abbreviations may also vary.

One way of dealing with such problems is to make a frequency distribution

of all references and then make a correction file using a using a text-editor or even Excel.

The correction file "filename.cor" must have the following structure if it concerns the

whole citation string:

V:MyName NN, 1903, V10, P14,J of X(tab)S:MyName N, 1905, V10, P14, J of X

V:MyName, 1905, V10, P14, J of X(tab)S:MyName N, 1905, V10, P14, J of X

or if it is only a "first cited author" correction

V:MyName NN	(tab)S:Myname N

V:MyName N(tab)S:Myname N

This routine replaces all variants (V:) with the corresponding standard (S:).

Remember to type in a filename in the boc "Type new file name here"!


Convert Upper/Lower Case

Changing upper and lower case might make your out look nicer.

Good for Cited rererence strings

the file:

1	BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

1	COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

will look like this:

1	Batra R, 1983, V10, P309, Adv Consum Res

1	Bettman JR, 1979, Information Processi

1	Bettman JR, 1980, V7, P148, Adv Consumer Res

1	Bettman JR, 1980, V7, P234, J Consumer Res

1	Biehal G, 1982, V8, P431, J Consumer Res

1	Biehal G, 1983, V10, P1, J Consum Res

1	Collins AM, 1975, V82, P407, Psychol Rev

or if you take a doc-file:

FN- Social Sciences Citation Index (Jan 81 - Dec 85)

GA- AHQ96|

TI- MEMORY ACCESSIBILITY AND TASK INVOLVEMENT AS FACTORS IN

    CHOICE|

LA- ENGLISH|

AU- GARDIAL SF; BIEHAL GJ|

CS- UNIV HOUSTON/HOUSTON//TX/77004|

JN- ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, 1985, V12, P414-419|

PY- 1985|

DT- ARTICLE|

NR- 17|

CR- BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

    BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

    BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

    COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

it will look like this:

Fn- Social Sciences Citation Index (Jan 81 - Dec 85)

Ga- Ahq96|

Ti- Memory Accessibility And Task Involvement As Factors In

    Choice|

La- English|

Au- Gardial Sf; Biehal Gj|

Cs- Univ Houston/Houston//Tx/77004|

Jn- Advances In Consumer Research, 1985, V12, P414-419|

Py- 1985|

Dt- Article|

Nr- 17|

Cr- Batra R, 1983, V10, P309, Adv Consum Res

    Bettman JR, 1979, Information Processi

    Bettman JR, 1980, V7, P148, Adv Consumer Res

    Bettman JR, 1980, V7, P234, J Consumer Res

    Biehal G, 1982, V8, P431, J Consumer Res

    Biehal G, 1983, V10, P1, J Consum Res

    Collins AM, 1975, V82, P407, Psychol Rev

....well the AU-field is not really perfect, second initial is lower case. But the filename.low can be used in the same way as filename.doc.

Good for autor/cited author in out-file

the file:

1	BATRA R

1	BETTMAN JR

1	BIEHAL G

1	COLLINS AM

1	CRAIK FIM

1	EAGLE M

1	JOHNSON EJ

1	LEAVITT C

1	MITCHELL AA

1	PETTY RE

will look like this:

1	Batra R

1	Bettman JR

1	Biehal G

1	Collins AM

1	Craik FIM

1	Eagle M

1	Johnson EJ

1	Leavitt C

1	Mitchell AA

1	Petty RE

Look at filename.low for results!


Co-occurence

How often do authors collaborate, which are the most co-cited documents, are some journals more co-cited than others?

Such questions call for a co-occurence analysis.

The starting point will be an out-file ("filename.out") or any corresponding

file with the same structure as the out-file. Since the number of pairs that can

be formed is exponentially related to the number of documents

and units within them, you should first decide which units to work with.

This can be done in two ways:

Select units via listbox

Put the cit-file (frequencies) in "The List" and select the most frequent units

and then you make the pairs by clicking on:  Make pairs via listbox.

This example shows the memory.coc file that will contain the pairs of most cited authors:

77	CRAIK FIM	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH	CRAIK FIM

48	BADDELEY AD	CRAIK FIM

47	CRAIK FIM	JACOBY LL

41	CRAIK FIM	KINTSCH W

37	CRAIK FIM	EYSENCK MW

35	ANDERSON JR	CRAIK FIM

35	BRANSFORD JD	CRAIK FIM

35	CRAIK FIM	UNDERWOOD BJ

34	ATKINSON RC	CRAIK FIM

34	CRAIK FIM	PERLMUTTER M

33	CRAIK FIM	HASHER L

29	CERMAK LS	CRAIK FIM

29	CRAIK FIM	PAIVIO A

28	CRAIK FIM	POSTMAN L

Select units via file

You may also prepare a file containing the units. That file has to have the extension:filename.unt

Then you must select the out-file. From that file all units in filename.unt will be selected. Consequently, the new outfile "filename.uot" will be shorter.

Then you make the pairs by selecting:

Make pairs via file

This procedure needs a file of the out-type (uot-file is also nice with fewer units).

 ...with frequencies

means that the number of co-occurences are calculated

 ...don't count frequencies

means that all pairs with the document numbers are listed. Good to have that option since we may wish to add labels to the pairs.For example, the publication year in which a co-author pair was formed.

The co-occurence result will be saved in a file: filename.coc.

See also Make a matrix.


Cluster pairs

A quite nice home-made routine for clustering of pairs, sometimes called Persson's Party Clustering.

Imagine you have the following list of pairs:

10	A	B

9	D	F

8	B	C

7	A	C

6	F	G

5	H	I

4	A	H

Note that the pairs are sorted by a co-occurence frequency in column 1,

and that the pair-list also must have tabs separating the two units of a pair.

The clustering routine will have the following sequence of events:

(the pairs are invited to a party):

A-B comes first, have to wait in hall

D-F comes next, have to wait in hall.

B-C comes next, forms a cluster-table with A-B in the room

A-C comes next, will be deleted since A-C already in room

F-G comes next, will not find a friend in room

Goes to the hall and finds D-F and

Then D-F-G will form a cluster in the room

H-I comes next, have to wait in hall

A-H comes next, H will cluster with A-B-C

then searches the hall and finds H-I

I will cluster with A-B-C-H

Cluster 1 will hold : A-B-C-H-I

Cluster 2 will hold D-F-G

In this particlar example the clusters will not change if you resort the pair list.

(You may try out that yourself by saving the pairlist above in a text-file named filename.coc and then run Analyze/Co-occurence/Cluster pairs.)

The cluster result will be saved in a file with the extension "filename.per".

The selected pair-file must have the pairs arranged so that the first part of the pair is in the second column and the second part of the pair in the third column. The first column may contain the frequency of co-occurence, and the file can be sorted according to that column since that order will determine the order in which the pairs are clustered.


Shared units

This procedure calculates the number of shared units among documents.Bibliographic coupling is another name for this task. It takes the outfile and compares the units of each document with all other documents.

The result will go to a file called "filename.cou" with:

Shared units in the first column

First doc of a pair in second column

Second part of pair in third column

The cou-file can be used for "Cluster pairs", and "Make a matrix".Of course, you may add labels to the cou-file, by first moving the document numbers to the first column and then sort the file(use Excel).

Then put a tag in "Old Tag" and then press "Add labels to units". Then move the other document number column to the left and then add its labels.

Or better use: Add labels to doc-pair frequency file


Citations among docs

The documents in your doc-file may cite each other. To find that out, use the procedure

Make citation links.

It starts by making a search key from the records, by taking the :

last name of the first author, publication year, volume number,and starting page.

AU- GARDIAL SF; BIEHAL GJ|

CS- UNIV HOUSTON/HOUSTON//TX/77004|

JN- ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, 1985, V12, P414-419|

Example from the doc above, the search key is: GARDIAL , 1985, V12, P414.

This search key will free us from spelling variants of initials and cited journal abbreviations, enabling a high recall of citations among the documents. It is hardly any other document in the set that will generate a similar search key and the risk for two cited references having the same information is also small.

Remeber that you must have an out-file based on "CR-Cited reference",and you must also type in the earliest publication year of the citing documents in the box Min number. When that is done Bibexcel searches the out-file which must be based on cited references. Each time the search key hits the reference lists in the out-file, a pair is formed and saved in a file called "filename.lin".This file has the citing document number in the first column and the cited document number in the second.

Thisis what memory.lin will contain:

1	175

2	149

2	236

2	240

2	11

2	59

You may Add labels to units to these pairs in a similar way as to an out-file.When labels to the cited document is to be added you will have to move that column to the left and sort the file ascending to that column (use Excel). However it might be better to use Add labels to docnr-docnr pairs.

This procedure will add data to the pairs in the "filename.lin". It is needed in the case that there are several units in the labels (or fields). For example, if thereare several authors in the citing and/or cited document we now treats each authoras a citing or cited author. So, if the citing document has two authors and the cited three authors the citing-cited pair will yield six new pairs.

The result of this procedure will be saved in the file "filename.add".

Excluding self-citations

Make an out-file based on the AU-field. Then take the routine: Analyze/Citations among 	docs/Add data to links using out-file type.The new file, filename.add, can then be imported 	to Excel. In Excel make a new column to the right and use the Insert/Function logic to test 	if the citing author is the same as the cited.

You may also go further:

A nice thing about the lin-file is that it can be used to generate co-citations and shared cited references, thus establishing all three different relations between citing documents in a citation graph. I suggest that you sort the lin-file in Excel taking the A-column as first sort order and the B-column as the second sort order. Use ascending sort order. This means that the form of the lin-file will have the same form as an out file. The lin file will be a reduced out filebased on the cr-field that only contains the document numbers of documentsin the citing document set.


Make citation links

Citing-cited pairs will be made from the doc-file and the out-file containing the cited references!

See Citation among docs!


Add frequencies

Use this procedure if you have a file with frequencies in the first column, and you need to add up the frequencies. This need might occur when you have deleted a column from a tabbed frequency file containing several "add labels".


Units per record

If you wish to know how many units there are in a given field in the whole doc-file you may use this procedure. If you want to know the degree of co-authorshipsthis procedure takes the out-file (or corresponding file), and counts the number of co-authored papers and also gives information how many papers that has one author, and so on. Results in "filename.mul".

Example

If you select memory.doc and then make an out-file choosing "Any ; separated field" and type "AU" in the "Old Tag"-box and press "Prep", then an outfile with authors is produced. Then select memory.out and go to "Analyze/Units per record". memory.mul wil look like this:

N of records	with n units

85	1

95	2

42	3

14	4

8	5

2	6

246 docs and 509 units counted

There are 85 records with one author, 95 with two authors and so on.

The memory.mut file will look like this: one row for each document:

1	2

2	1

3	1

4	4

5	1

6	1

Document number 1 has 2 authors, nr 2 and 3 have one etc.

Lotka-like distributions

Although this routine was not initially intended for it, you may create a distribution that tells you how many authors have written one paper, two papers etc. Similarly. taking the memory.cit file containing a list of most cited authors:

243	CRAIK FIM

78	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH

48	BADDELEY AD

47	JACOBY LL

41	KINTSCH W

37	EYSENCK MW

36	UNDERWOOD BJ

35	ANDERSON JR

35	BRANSFORD JD

34	PERLMUTTER M

34	ATKINSON RC

33	HASHER L

30	PAIVIO A

 ...the memory.mut will look like this, one author being cited in 243 articles and so on to the last row which tells us that 1907 authors have been cited by only 1 article:

243	1

78	1

50	1

48	1

47	1

41	1

37	1

36	1

35	2

34	2

33	1

30	1

29	1

28	1

26	3

23	3

22	4

21	3

20	4

18	4

17	6

16	4

15	4

14	5

13	8

12	10

11	9

10	10

9	23

8	24

7	41

6	37

5	61

4	78

3	147

2	363

1	1901

Using the inverted square-law of productivity invented by Lotka, the number of authors receiving x citations should be proportionally equal to 1/x2. Applying this to our data the estimated distribution comes quite close to the observed:

x	Obs.	Est.

1	1901	1901

2	363	475

3	147	211

4	78	119

5	61	76

6	37	53

7	41	39

8	24	30

9	23	23

10	10	19

11	9	16

12	10	13

13	8	11

14	5	10

15	4	8

16	4	7

17	6	7

18	4	6

20	4	5

21	3	4

22	4	4

23	3	4

26	3	3

28	1	2

29	1	2

30	1	2

33	1	2

34	2	2

35	2	2

36	1	1

37	1	1

41	1	1

47	1	1

48	1	1

50	1	1

78	1	0

243	1	0


Make a matrix

You may need to put co-occurrences in matrix form, for example when making a MDS based map.

1. First, view the cit-file to select the units to be included in the matrix

2. Then select the pair-file (freq+tab+pairleft+tab+pairright). It can be a coc-file for co-occurence, but any file with the same format and containing the relevant units can be used.

3. Then select Make a matrix from the analyze menu. You will be asked if you want to make a lower left matrix or a squared matrix. The matrix will be saved in filename.ma2.

Example on how to make a co-occurence matrix of cited authors

This is an example from the memrory.doc file.

1. Select memory.doc and then select "CR- cited reference" and press Prep-button. This will produce memory.out, in which the first document has the following units:

1	BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

1	COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

1	CRAIK FIM, 1972, V11, P671, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	EAGLE M, 1964, V68, P58, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	JOHNSON EJ, 1984, V11, P542, J CONSUMER RES

1	LEAVITT C, 1981, V8, P15, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	MITCHELL AA, 1981, V8, P25, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	PETTY RE, 1981, COGNITIVE RESPONSES

1	PETTY RE, 1983, V10, P135, J CONSUM RES

1	TULVING E, 1966, V5, P381, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	TULVING E, 1971, V87, P1, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	TULVING E, 1973, V80, P352, PSYCHOL REV

2. Select memory.out, select "Cited author", check "make new out-file" and "remove duplicates", press "Start" and then memory.oux will be made, looking like this with cited first-author and duplicates removed:

1	BATRA R

1	BETTMAN JR

1	BIEHAL G

1	COLLINS AM

1	CRAIK FIM

1	EAGLE M

1	JOHNSON EJ

1	LEAVITT C

1	MITCHELL AA

1	PETTY RE

1	TULVING E

3. Select memory.oux, select "Whole string" and "Sort descending", press "Start" and then memory.cit will contain the frequencies of most cited first-authors:

243	CRAIK FIM

78	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH

48	BADDELEY AD

47	JACOBY LL

41	KINTSCH W

37	EYSENCK MW

36	UNDERWOOD BJ

35	ANDERSON JR

35	BRANSFORD JD

34	PERLMUTTER M

34	ATKINSON RC

33	HASHER L

30	PAIVIO A

4. View memory.cit and mark the units you wish to calculate co-occurence frequencies for. When marked go to "Analyze/Co-occurence/Select units via listbox". When done all other rows will be deleted from the listbox. Then go to the menu: "Analyze/Co-occurrence/Make pairs via list box" which will produce memory.coc containing the pairs:

77	CRAIK FIM	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH	CRAIK FIM

48	BADDELEY AD	CRAIK FIM

47	CRAIK FIM	JACOBY LL

41	CRAIK FIM	KINTSCH W

37	CRAIK FIM	EYSENCK MW

35	BRANSFORD JD	CRAIK FIM

35	ANDERSON JR	CRAIK FIM

5. Go back to view memory.cit and select the units you want to be included in the matrix. Again, go to "Analyze/Co-occurence/Select units via listbox" and only units selected will show in the list. These were my choices:

243	CRAIK FIM

78	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH

48	BADDELEY AD

47	JACOBY LL

6. Select the file memory.coc and then go to "Analyze/Make matrix". If you answer positively to make a lower left matrix memory.ma2 will contain this:

BADDELEY AD	BOWER GH	CRAIK FIM	JACOBY LL	TULVING E

13

48	50

21	11	47

27	18	77	27

and if a square matrix was chosen this is how memory.ma2 will look:

BADDELEY AD	BOWER GH	CRAIK FIM	JACOBY LL	TULVING E

0	13	48	21	27

13	0	50	11	18

48	50	0	47	77

21	11	47	0	27

27	18	77	27	0


Make map via SYSTAT/SPSS

For SYSTAT/SPSS users only

This is for Systat users who wish to make an MDS-based map of the matrix. You must select a matrix ma2-file! Then this procedure will make a cmd-file that can be submitted within Systat/Data. The file mapk.dat will hold the MDS-coordinates!

First a new file with the matrix values will be made in c:\bibexcel and called map.ma2.

The cmd-file will read the map.ma2 file as a similarity matrix with absent diagonal.

The file map.sys will be used by the MDS-module which generates a two-dimnesional scaling of the matrix and the coordinates are finally saved in mapk.dat.

In SPSS you may also load the map.sys file and do the SPSS/MDS from there. An alternative is to load the original filename.ma2 into Excel, copy the matrix values and paste them into the SPPS spread-sheet.

The cmd-file

Save map  (This is the Systat sys-file)

Input F1,F2,F3,F4,F5,F6,F7,F8,F9,F10,F11,F12,F13,F14,F15,F16,F17,F18

type=similarity

diagonal = absent

get map.ma2

run

mds

use map

save mapk/config

Scale

Data

use mapk

put mapk

run

Then mapk.dat kan be imported to Excel and in combination with the labels in filename.ma2 a plot can be made to get a map of the co-occurence structure.


Select/View files

Use the drive, dir and file list-boxes to select a file that you want to use.

When selected you may view the file by clicking on the view button


The Box/The List

The text box labelled The Box will contain messages when some procedures are running. You may also write in The Box and then Add lines to The List.

The List can be used for viewing files. Clear will erase the list. You may also copy from and paste to the list, via the clipboard.


Preparing the data

Preparing the data/making the outfile

The drive, directory and file list boxes, can be used to select the file that you wish to analyze.

When clicked the selected file appears in the label-box under the file list. This file can be viewed by clicking on the View-button, at least the first 500 rows or so.

You should first select which field to analyze.

Chose one of the options and then press the "Prep"-button. When done the program makes an out-file ("filename.out"), that for each unit in a field has one row. The row begins with the document number.

"CR- Cited reference"

This option makes an out-file with the cited references looking like this:

BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

1	COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

1	CRAIK FIM, 1972, V11, P671, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	EAGLE M, 1964, V68, P58, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	JOHNSON EJ, 1984, V11, P542, J CONSUMER RES

1	LEAVITT C, 1981, V8, P15, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	MITCHELL AA, 1981, V8, P25, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	PETTY RE, 1981, COGNITIVE RESPONSES

1	PETTY RE, 1983, V10, P135, J CONSUM RES

1	TULVING E, 1966, V5, P381, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	TULVING E, 1971, V87, P1, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	TULVING E, 1973, V80, P352, PSYCHOL REV

2	"Here comes the first reference in document nr 2".

"Any ; separated field"

Some fields have several units, several authors in the author field, or several addresses in the corporate source field. Now, if we want to separate them, we can make one row for each unit.

First you must write the relevant field tag in the box "Old tag", down to the left. Then press the "Prep"-button.

The filename.out may look like this if you type "au" in the 'Old tag'-box:

1	BIEHAL GJ

1	GARDIAL SF

2	TULVING E

3	MOSCOVITCH M

4	BACKMAN L

4	HARDY J

4	NILSSON LG

4	WINBLAD B

5	WEINGARTNER H

6	ROBERTS JV

cont......

636	RAAIJMAKERS JGW

637	ROEDIGER HL

The first document is obviously co-authored.

"JN- Journal"

Choosing this will make one row for each document with the journal name:

1	ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH

"Journal, year, vol, page"

....and this will make a row for the complete journal source data:

1	ADVANCES IN CONSUMER RESEARCH, 1985, V12, P414-419

"Blank-separated words(e.g. title)"

...makes an outfile in which each word in title field or any other field is separated, by a blank,

and then sorted:

1	ACCESSIBILITY

1	CHOICE

1	FACTORS

1	INVOLVEMENT

1	MEMORY

1	TASK

2	HOW

2	MANY

2	MEMORY-SYSTEMS

2	THERE

3	IMPLICATIONS

3	INFANCY

3	MEMORY

3	MEMORY

3	NORMAL

3	OLD-AGE

3	PATHOLOGICAL

3	THEORIES

A list of stop words prevents listing of less significant words and characters. If a word is found in this string it will be deleted:

" a an and are as at be but by for from had have he her his in is it not of on or that the this to was which with you - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "

To remove more insignificant words, import the outfile into Excel and use Pivot-table to find word frequencies, or calculate frquencies with Bibexcel. Save the rows containing the words you really want to be included into an unt-file (filename.unt). Keep the frequencies in the left column and the

unit in the second! Then use Analyze/Co-occurence/Select units from file to make the selection.

"Whole field intact"

....a row for the whole field. You must set the field tag in "Old Tag" first!

This is when AU is wiritten in "Old Tag".

1	 GARDIAL SF; BIEHAL GJ


Selecting records from doc-file

Sometimes you may wish to select records from your doc-file. Bibexcel

offers a simplistic solution. Look at the upper-right corner.

You may type search words in "The Box" and then add the to "The List".

Then you should type in the new file name holding the

selected records.

The search words can also be put in "The List" via

a file using the "View"-button or via "Paste".

When clicking "Start" Bibexel searches each document and will print a record to the new file at the first occurence.

This procedure selects documents containing any of the strings in 'The List', from the file of your choice. You may fill the list by typing strings in 'The Box' and then press 'Add to List'-button, or just by importing a text-file with the strings using the file-manager and 'View'-button. Remember to type in the new doc-file name!


Selecting rows from out-file

Essentially the same as above, but now Bibexcel searches each row of an out-file, or any other file for that matter.

This procedure selects rows, from the file of your choice, containing any of the strings in 'The List'. You may fill the list by typing strings in 'The Box' and then press 'Add to List'-button, or just by importing a text-file with the strings using the file-manager and 'View'-button. Remember to type in the new doc-file name!


Frequency distributions

Below the file list you may choose to calculate frequencies from the outfile, or any other file with the same format, using the various units in the list.

You may also decide if the frequency list should be sorted in descending order by frequency - check Sort descending.

In some cases you may wish to remove duplicates in a field, for example when counting papers by country. If so check Remove duplicates.

The box Min number will ignore frequencies lower than typed in!

When selecting type of unit, you must have a relevant out-file. Some of the options refer to cited reference and thus needs a corresponding out-file, based on the cr-field. Similarly, main organization and country needs an out-file based on the cs- field.

The frequency distribution will be saved in a cit-file ("filename.cit").

Supppose you have the memory.out looking like this based on the au-field::

1	BIEHAL GJ

1	GARDIAL SF

2	TULVING E

3	MOSCOVITCH M

4	BACKMAN L

4	HARDY J

4	NILSSON LG

4	WINBLAD B

5	WEINGARTNER H

6	ROBERTS JV

...then memory.cit will look like this (Sort descending is checked, and Whole string is chosen):

5	KAUSLER DH

4	KASZNIAK AW

4	ACKERMAN BP

4	WILSON RS

4	GLOVER JA

3	PARKIN AJ

3	JACOBY LL

3	WOLTERS G

3	PUCKETT JM

3	BACON LD

3	TILL RE

3	TULVING E

3	YESAVAGE JA

Make a new out-file

Bibexcel allows you to make a new out-file using the units defined in the same list that is used for frequency calculations.  For example, you may need an out-file with country names instead of whole addresses. Then you just choose "Country" from the list, and then check "Make new outfile".

If you wish to remove duplicate countries (or any other unit) within a field

check also Remove duplicates".

The new out-file will have the extension "filename.oux".

Suppose you made memory.out using the 'CR-cited reference' option. Then the units of the first document will look like this (one row for each cited reference):

1	BATRA R, 1983, V10, P309, ADV CONSUM RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1979, INFORMATION PROCESSI

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P148, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	BETTMAN JR, 1980, V7, P234, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1982, V8, P431, J CONSUMER RES

1	BIEHAL G, 1983, V10, P1, J CONSUM RES

1	COLLINS AM, 1975, V82, P407, PSYCHOL REV

1	CRAIK FIM, 1972, V11, P671, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	EAGLE M, 1964, V68, P58, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	JOHNSON EJ, 1984, V11, P542, J CONSUMER RES

1	LEAVITT C, 1981, V8, P15, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	MITCHELL AA, 1981, V8, P25, ADV CONSUMER RES

1	PETTY RE, 1981, COGNITIVE RESPONSES

1	PETTY RE, 1983, V10, P135, J CONSUM RES

1	TULVING E, 1966, V5, P381, J VERB LEARN VERB BE

1	TULVING E, 1971, V87, P1, J EXP PSYCHOL

1	TULVING E, 1973, V80, P352, PSYCHOL REV

If you select memory.out, chose the option 'cited author' and check 'make new outfile' and 'remove duplicates', then the new file memory.oux will look like this(note that duplicate authors Bettman, Biehal, Petty, Tulving have been reduced to one row each):

1	BATRA R

1	BETTMAN JR

1	BIEHAL G

1	COLLINS AM

1	CRAIK FIM

1	EAGLE M

1	JOHNSON EJ

1	LEAVITT C

1	MITCHELL AA

1	PETTY RE

1	TULVING E

Fractionalize

If a field contain several units, for example authors, you may wish to give each unit a fraction. If there are three authors each would get 1/3 as a fraction rather than 1 when counting frequencies. Fractionalization makes the sum of fractions equal to the sum of documents. If you don't fractionalize muli-authored documents you cannot say "author x has produced 10 out of 100 papers, or 10 percent of the papers", what you could say is that "author x is found among the authors in 10 percent of the papers" or if the base is the sum of authorships "author x has 10 of, let´s say 300 authorships".

If you take the memory.oux above and with 'make new outfile' and 'fractionalize' checked the memory.oux will look like this, in which the sum of fractions will be 1 (in fact 1.001):

1	BATRA R	0.091

1	BETTMAN JR	0.091

1	BIEHAL G	0.091

1	COLLINS AM	0.091

1	CRAIK FIM	0.091

1	EAGLE M	0.091

1	JOHNSON EJ	0.091

1	LEAVITT C	0.091

1	MITCHELL AA	0.091

1	PETTY RE	0.091

1	TULVING E	0.091

or if you would not check make new outfile the memory.cit file would have the following fraction sums sorted in descending order via Excel:

14.442	CRAIK FIM

3.718	TULVING E

1.501	ATKINSON RC

1.559	BADDELEY AD

1.577	HASHER L

2.078	BOWER GH

1.686	JACOBY LL

1.727	KINTSCH W

1.889	PERLMUTTER M

1.926	EYSENCK MW

1.523	BRANSFORD JD

1.403	PAIVIO A

0.558	ROGERS TB

1.025	CERMAK LS

0.554	NEISSER U

0.987	SMITH AD

..compared to non fractionalized frequencies:

243	CRAIK FIM

78	TULVING E

50	BOWER GH

48	BADDELEY AD

47	JACOBY LL

41	KINTSCH W

37	EYSENCK MW

36	UNDERWOOD BJ

35	ANDERSON JR

35	BRANSFORD JD

34	PERLMUTTER M

34	ATKINSON RC

33	HASHER L

30	PAIVIO A


Add field to units

Often, you will need to combine information from several fields. For example, if you have made an out-file based on author names you may wish to add the publication year and make a Pivot-table in Excel to study the publication career of authors. Type the field tag in 'Old tag'-box then press the button 'Add field to units' and then this procedure adds data from the field (defined by the tag) to an out- or oux-file!

Note that the Selected out-file must have the same name (prefix) as the doc-file from which the fields are read!

A new file with the extension "filename.jn1" will be made. This is what you get when pressing the button 'Add field to units' using the file memory.out (which has been prepared with the au-field) and  you hav ealso typed "py" in the 'Old tag' box:

1	BIEHAL GJ	1985

1	GARDIAL SF	1985

2	TULVING E	1985

3	MOSCOVITCH M	1985

4	BACKMAN L	1985

4	HARDY J	1985

4	NILSSON LG	1985

4	WINBLAD B	1985

5	WEINGARTNER H	1985

6	ROBERTS JV	1985

Then open the memory.jn1 in Excel. Add a row to indicate variable names and then make the Pivot-table AUTHOR NAME by PUBL YEAR.

DOCNR	AUTHOR NAME	PUBL YEAR

1	BIEHAL GJ	1985

1	GARDIAL SF	1985

2	TULVING E	1985

3	MOSCOVITCH M	1985

4	BACKMAN L	1985

4	HARDY J	1985

4	NILSSON LG	1985

4	WINBLAD B	1985

5	WEINGARTNER H	1985

6	ROBERTS JV	1985

...but you may also first make a frequency distribution of memory.jn1 to reduce it (Select memory.jn1, check Sort descending, chose Whole string and press Start, the look at memory.cit):

4	PARK DC	1993

4	PARK DC	1990

3	ROEDIGER HL	1990

3	CHERRY KE	1993

3	KAUSLER DH	1981

3	SMITH AD	1990

3	MORRIS RG	1988

3	SCHACTER DL	1990

3	PUCKETT JM	1981


Add new field to docs

If you have made an out-file, which also may have been edited, you may insert a new field to the records in your document-file. Imagine that you have an out-file with countries and you wish to insert a new field with the tag "GL" that will hold all the counry names in that record.

First, be sure that the out-file is selected from the file list.

Select the "filename.out", or any corresponding name (such as "filename.oux").

Write the "New Tag" in its box (for example "GL").

Write the "Old Tag" in its box (for example "CS"). This means that the new field ("GL") will be inserted before the old ("CR").

Type a new file name in "Type new file name here"

Then press the Add field" - button.


Make search keys for other databases

If you wish to add information to a record you may search another database. This means that you will have to make a search key to identify the same record. I have made some procedures to make a search history for automatically retrieving records from the WinSpirs/Silverplatter/ERL-server at my own university. The success rate is quite good, for example searching for biomedical records in Medline may lead to some 90 percent hits.

Below is an example of 'Search keys for Medline/WinSpirs', that is generated from the memory.doc file and saved in a file called memory.his.

Search keys:

SilverPlatterASCII 3.0WINNSelected Databases

(GARDIAL-* in AU) and (1985 and 12 and 414-* in SO)

(TULVING-* in AU) and (1985 and 40 and 385-* in SO)

(MOSCOVITCH-* in AU) and (1985 and 444 and 78-* in SO)

(WINBLAD-* in AU) and (1985 and 444 and 255-* in SO)

In this case I used both Medline and PsycLit, which will retrieve duplicates. If done sequentially, first Medline, and then for zero hits PsycLit, duplicates will be reduced.

This is the search result:

The searches below are from: H:\BIBEXCEL\DEMO\MEMORY.HIS.

#1	0	(GARDIAL-* in AU) and (1985 and 12 and 414-* in SO)

#2	1	(TULVING-* in AU) and (1985 and 40 and 385-* in SO)

#3	2	(MOSCOVITCH-* in AU) and (1985 and 444 and 78-* in SO)

#4	2	(WINBLAD-* in AU) and (1985 and 444 and 255-* in SO)

#5	2	(WEINGARTNER-* in AU) and (1985 and 444 and 359-* in SO)

#6	1	(ROBERTS-* in AU) and (1985 and 6 and 221-* in SO)

#7	2	(STERNBERG-* in AU) and (1985 and 44 and 213-* in SO)

#8	2	(LOWY-* in AU) and (1985 and 99 and 638-* in SO)

#9	2	(MARTIN-* in AU) and (1985 and 25 and 323-* in SO)

#10	1	(ERICSSON-* in AU) and (1985 and 39 and 188-* in SO)


Country data from World facts

We constructed a country-coauthorship data for a group of former colonies. Having that data nicely ordered pairwise with co-authorship frequencies, we needed some country information to find out if there were any former colonial relationship between the countries in each pair. We were happy to find a nice compliation of the World fact book at:

http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~fyyang/db/wfb-96.txt

So the next thing to do was to write one procedure to select the desired data and make a classification file. The "Indepencence:"-field gave the following list, in file wfb-96.wfc:

Albania	28 November 1912 (from Ottoman Empire)

Algeria	5 July 1962 (from France)

American Samoa	none (territory of the US)

Angola	11 November 1975 (from Portugal)

The country names had to be standardized to the ISI-type. Then using 'Add data/classify/Add classification to freq-pair-file/ a list of independence dates and colonial powers was produced for each pair of countries.


Convert to Dialog-format

Thre are a great number of bibliographic formats other than the Dialog-format. Bibexcel offers some simple conversions.

Select the downloaded file containing the records and the type of records you wish to convert. The new file will be shown afterwards.

NOTE! You must write the tag (first two letters) of the last field of the records in 'Old tag' for me to know where a record ends!

Convert from WinSpirs/Silverplatter

This procedure converts records downloaded via WinSpirs 2.1, using short tags, to Dialog format. A typical WinSpirs-record should have field tags in two letters, followed by a colon(:) and a few blanks. Since there are no field delimiters a field consists of a whole string ending with a carriage return:

Looks like this:

TI:   The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990

AU:   Ramirez,-Francisco-O.; Soysal,-Yasemin; Shanahan,-Suzanne

IN:   School Education Stanford U, CA 94305 [e-mail: ramirez@leland.stanford.edu]

JN:   American-Sociological-Review; 1997, 62, 5, Oct, 735-745.

IS:   0003-1224

CO:   ASREAL

DT:   aja Abstract-of-Journal-Article

LA:   English

CP:   United-States

PY:   1997

DE:   *Womens-Rights (D924000); *Voting-Rights (D910200); *Citizenship- (D130500); *Crosscultural-Analysis (D188100)

DE:   Twentieth-Century (D883800)

SH:   political sociology/interactions; sociology of political systems, politics, & power (0925)

CC:   0925; 0900

AN:   9807220

Becomes this:

TI- The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-National Acquisition of Women's Suffrage Rights, 1890 to 1990|

AU- Ramirez,-Francisco-O.; Soysal,-Yasemin; Shanahan,-Suzanne|

IN- School Education Stanford U, CA 94305 [e-mail: ramirez@leland.stanford.edu]|

JN- American-Sociological-Review, 1997, 62, 5, Oct, 735-745.|

IS- 0003-1224|

CO- ASREAL|

DT- aja Abstract-of-Journal-Article|

LA- English|

CP- United-States|

PY- 1997|

DY- Twentieth-Century (D883800)|

SH- political sociology/interactions; sociology of political systems, politics, & power (0925)|

CC- 0925; 0900|

AN- 9807220||

Convert from Helicon (International on CD, using Dos search):

This is a real tricky one, so wish for the best, when using it.

Looks like this:

   AUTHOR        Nelson, R.

   FIRST TITLE   Authority, organization, and societal context in

                 multinational churches

   SOURCE        Administrative Science Quarterly; 1993 DEC, VOL. 38:4, p.

                 653-682

   INDEX         AUTHORITY; CHURCHES; ORGANIZATION

                                PUBL YEAR: 1993    LANGUAGE: ENG

   ABSTRACT      While most research on authority in organizations has been

                 limited to rational-legal bureaucracies, this paper reviews

                 Weber's three pure types of legitimate authority -

                 rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic - and explores

                 the relationship between authority type, organizational form,

                 societal environment, and organizational outcomes for three

                 multinational churches. The paper compares and contrasts the

                 Christian Congregations, the Assemblies of God, and the

                 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS or Mormon)

                 in the US and Brazil.

Becomes this:

AU- Nelson, R.|

FI- Authority, organization, and societal context in multinational churches|

JN- Administrative Science Quarterly, 1993 DEC, VOL. 38:4, p. 653-682|

IN- AUTHORITY; CHURCHES; ORGANIZATION|

PU- 1993|

AB- While most research on authority in organizations has been limited to rational-legal bureaucracies, this paper reviews Weber's three pure types of legitimate authority - rational-legal, traditional, and charismatic - and explores the relationship between authority type, organizational form, societal environment, and organizational outcomes for three multinational churches. The paper compares and contrasts the Christian Congregations, the Assemblies of God, and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS or Mormon) in the US and Brazil.||